Search results for "Ion Emission"
showing 10 items of 17 documents
What You Should Know About Carbon Markets
2008
Since the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol, carbon trading has been in continuous expansion. In this paper, we review the origins of carbon trading in order to understand how carbon trading works in Europe and, specifically, the functioning of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and the workings of several spot, futures and options markets where European Union Allowances are traded. As well, the linking of the EU ETS with the other United Nations carbon markets is also studied.
The timeline of trading frictions in the European carbon market
2012
We evaluate the quality of prices of EU-ETS, the most active European derivative market for greenhouse gas emissions allowances (EUAs). So far, this market has had two phases, a trial phase (from 2005 to 2007) and a commitment phase (from 2008 to 2012). The true value of a trial-phase EUA at the beginning of 2008 was inevitably zero because it could not be used in the commitment phase to cover emission targets. However, continued rumors of over-allocation of EUAs led to an early collapse of the market by May 2007. We study whether this market breakdown and the subsequent outbreak of the international financial crisis had a persistent effect on the quality of the commitment phase. We provide…
CO2 Prices, Energy and Weather
2007
One of the main objectives of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme is the establishment of a market price level for allowances that show to European CO 2 emitting installations the environmental impact of their polluting activities. The aim of this paper is to focus on the daily price changes during 2005 in an attempt to examine the underlying rationality of pricing behaviour. Specifically, we study the effect of those weather and non-weather variables that academic and market agents consider as the major determinants of the of CO 2 price levels. The results show that the energy sources are the principal factors in the determination of CO 2 price levels, and that only extreme temperat…
Regulation as determinant of EUA prices
2014
In this paper we analyse the impact of supply and demand factors on EUA Phase II future prices, with a particular emphasis on the European Commission announcements regarding the organisation of Phase II and Phase III of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme. Using two different methodologies we find strong significance of EC announcements in particular regarding the National Allocation Plans and the cap for Phase III. Our results are particularly relevant to the light of the decisions that the EC must take to achieve the 20-20-20 objectives.
Eiropas Savienības CO2 emisijas kvotu tirdzniecības sistēma un Latvijas tautsaimniecības ilgtspējīga attīstība
2013
ANOTĀCIJA Promocijas darba mērķis ir, balstoties uz datiem par Eiropas Savienības Emisijas kvotu tirdzniecības sistēmas (ES ETS) darbību Latvijā un ES ETS integrētību Latvijas tautsaimniecības politikā, mikro un makro līmenī izpētīt ES ETS līdzšinējo ietekmi uz Latvijas tautsaimniecības ilgtspējīgu attīstību. Pētījuma ietvaros autore izstrādājusi modeli lēmuma pieņemšanai par tiešo dalību atļauju tirdzniecībā, formulējusi stratēģijas tiešajai dalībai atļauju tirdzniecībā, izvērtējusi ES ETS integrētību Latvijas tautsaimniecības ilgtspējīgas attīstības politikā, novērtējusi ES ETS ietekmi uz Latvijas ES ETS dalībniekiem, izanalizējusi Latvijas ES ETS dalībnieku zināšanas un izpratni par ES E…
An analytical method for monitoring micro-traces of landfill leachate in groundwater using fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectroscopy
2016
In this study, we use three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy for the identification of contamination of natural water bodies by landfill leachate. In particular, EEM was applied to provide information about the presence and quantities of leachate in ground waters. A good linear relationship was found between the fluorescence intensity emission of groundwater spiked with landfill leachate and the volumes of the latter, suggesting that there was no intrinsic fluorescence in the concentration range of 0-1000 μL L-1. The obtained values of the LOD (10 μL L-1; TOC = 34 μg L-1) and LOQ (34 μL L-1; TOC = 114 μg L-1) allow us to detect the presence and the amou…
Fluorescence fingerprinting of bottled white wines can reveal memories related to sulfur dioxide treatments of the must.
2015
For the first time, Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy was combined with parallel factor statistical analysis (PARAFAC) and applied to a set of 320 dry white wines of the Chardonnay grape variety. A four component PARAFAC model (C1, C2, C3 and C4) best explained the variability of fluorescence signatures of white wines. Subtle changes were observed in EEMs of white wines from two different vintages (2006 and 2007), where different concentrations of sulfur dioxide (0, 4, and 8 g·hL(-1)) were added to the grape must at pressing. PARAFAC results clearly indicated that sulfur dioxide added to the must subsequently influenced white wine chemistry into three distinct sulfu…
Speculative and hedging activities in the European Carbon Market
2015
Abstract We explore the dynamics of the speculative and hedging activities in European futures carbon markets by using volume and open interest data. A comparison of the three phases in the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) reveals that (i) Phase II of the EU ETS seems to be the most speculative phase to date and (ii) the highest degree of speculative activity for every single phase occurs at the moment of listing the contracts for the first time. A seasonality analysis identifies a higher level of speculation in the first quarter of each year, related to the schedule of deadlines of the EU ETS. In addition, a time series analysis confirms that most of the speculative activity…
CO<SUB align="right">2 prices and portfolio management
2011
Since the launch of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS), the interest in the trade of EUAs is constantly increasing among academics and market participants. The objective of this paper is twofold: (a) a detailed description of this new market is provided for portfolio managers and (b) a comprehensive study of the implications of including Phase II EUAs in diversified portfolios is undertaken using as expected returns both historical and risk-adjusted returns. The results show that the opportunity set for investors increases when short positions in Phase II EUAs are taken.
Multispectral fluorescence sensitivity to acidic and polyphenolic changes in Chardonnay wines – The case study of malolactic fermentation
2022
International audience; In this study, stationary and time-resolvedfluorescence signatures, were statistically and chemometrically analyzed among three typologies of Chardonnay wines (A, B and C) with the objectives to evaluate their sensitivity to acidic and polyphenolic changes. For that purpose, a dataset was built using Excitation Emission Matrices of fluorescence (N = 103) decomposed by a Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC), andfluorescence decays (N = 22), mathematically fitted, using the conventional exponential modeling and the phasor plot representation. Wine PARAFAC component C4 coupledwith its phasor plot g and s values enable the description of malolactic fermentation (MLF) occur…